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Ãðàæäàíñêàÿ Îáîðîíà. Ðàñ÷åò ïàðàìåòðîâ ÿäåðíîãî âçðûâà

ÌÎÑÊÎÂÑÊÈÉ ÃÎÑÓÄÀÐÑÒÂÅÍÍÛÉ ÈÍÑÒÈÒÓÒ ÐÀÄÈÎÒÅÕÍÈÊÈ ÝËÅÊÒÐÎÍÈÊÈ È ÀÂÒÎÌÀÒÈÊÈ

( ÒÅÕÍÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ ÓÍÈÂÅÐÑÈÒÅÒ )

 

ÁÆÄ (ÃÎ)

ÎÒרÒ

ïî ïðàêòè÷åñêîé ðàáîòå:

“Ñîâðåìåííûå ñðåäñòâà ïîðàæåíèÿ è õàðàêòåð èõ âîçäåéñòâèÿ íà ïðîìûøëåííûå îáúåêòû, ðàäèîýëåêòðîííóþ àïïàðàòóðó è ëþäåé”

(Òåìà 1.4)

                                                                                     

                                                   

                                     

                          

                                                       Âàðèàíò ¹ 29

                                                  Ñòóäåíò âçâîäà 55 (ãð. ÈÈ-1-95)

                                                                           Äàí÷åíêîâ À.Â.

                                                  Ðóêîâîäèòåëü    Äåíèñîâ Ã.Ä.

                                

ÌÎÑÊÂÀ  1997

ÂÂÅÄÅÍÈÅ

           Íå ñìîòðÿ íà îêîí÷àíèå õîëîäíîé âîéíû ìåæäó áûâøèì ÑÑÑÐ è ñòðàíàìè ÍÀÒÎ è íàëàæèâàíèå îòíîøåíèé ñ çàïàäíûìè ñòðàíàìè, ñëåäóåò âñåãäà áûòü ãîòîâûì ê âîçìîæíîñòè íàíåñåíèÿ ÿäåðíîãî óäàðà ïî òåððèòîðèè íàøåé ñòðàíû êàêèì-ëèáî ãîñóäàðñòâîì ìèðà èëè òåððîðèñòè÷åñêîé îðãàíèçàöèåé àíòèðîññèéñêîãî íàïðàâëåíèÿ, ÷òîáû ýòîò óäàð íå çàñòàë íàñåëåíèå âðàñïëîõ.  Ïîýòîìó êàæäûé óâàæàþùèé ñåáÿ ñîâåðøåííîëåòíèé ðîññèÿíèí  äîëæåí çíàòü ïîðàæàþùèå ôàêòîðû ÿäåðíîãî âçðûâà è óìåòü ñïàñòè ñåáÿ, ñâîèõ áëèçêèõ è ââåðåííûå åìó îáúåêòû íàðîäíîãî õîçÿéñòâà â ñëó÷àå ÿäåðíîãî óäàðà, íå ïðåäàâàÿñü ñòðàõó è ïàíèêå.

           Öåëü äàííîé ïðàêòè÷åñêîé ðàáîòû ñîñòîèò â òîì, ÷òîáû îáó÷èòü ñòóäåíòîâ ñïîñîáàì ðàñ÷¸òà ïîðàæàþùèõ ôàêòîðîâ ÿäåðíîãî âçðûâà è äàòü ïðåäëîæåíèå ïî çàùèòû îò åãî ïîñëåäñòâèé íàñåëåíèÿ, îáúåêòîâ íàðîäíîãî õîçÿéñòâà è ðàäèîýëåêòðîííîé àïïàðàòóðû. Áóäóùèå èíæåíåðû ïî ðàäèîòåõíè÷åñêèì ñèñòåìàì äîëæíû çíàòü, êàê çàùèùàòü ââåðåííîå èì ðàäèîýëåêòðîííîå îáîðóäîâàíèå â ñëó÷àå ÿäåðíîãî íàïàäåíèÿ.

 

Ðàçäåë I

Óäàðíàÿ âîëíà

   Ïðîèçâåä¸ì ðàñ÷¸ò èçáûòî÷íîãî äàâëåíèÿ âî ôðîíòå óäàðíîé âîëíû:

             

                                       105                      410                     1370

DPô =         q1/3ó.â. +         q2/3ó.â. +         q ó.â

                                         R                         R2                        R3

q ó.â  = 0,5 q = 0,5 * 20 êã = 107 êã

                        105                                       410                                     1370

DPô =             *(107Êã)1/3 +             *(107Êã)2/3. +             *

                     2*103ì                                  (2*103ì)2                            (2*103ì)3

     *107 êã = 17,781 êÏà

Âû÷èñëèì ñêîðîñòü íàïîðà âîçäóõà (c ó÷¸òîì òîãî, ÷òî    P0=101,3 êÏà):

                                   2,5 DP2ô                    2,5*(17,781)2

DPck =                          =                        = 1,087 êÏà

                                  DPô+7P0                   17,781+7*101,3

                 

Âûâîä: Îáúåêò íàðîäíîãî õîçÿéñòâà íàõîäèòñÿ â îáëàñòè ñëàáûõ ðàçðóøåíèé, ïðîèçîéä¸ò ðàçðóøåíèå îñòåêëåíèÿ,    ó ëþäåé ìîæåò ïîÿâèòüñÿ çâîí â óøàõ, ë¸ãêàÿ ãîëîâíàÿ áîëü, ìîãóò áûòü ïîâðåæäåíû íàèáîëåå ÷óâñòâèòåëüíûå ïðèáîðû, âîçìîæíû ñëàáûå ïîâðåæäåíèÿ íàäçåìíûõ êàáåëåé è àíòåíí.

Ðàçäåë II

Ñâåòîâîå èçëó÷åíèå

    Âû÷èñëèì ýíåðãèþ ñâåòîâîãî èìïóëüñà íà îáúåêò íàðîäíîãî õîçÿéñòâà (c ó÷¸òîì, ÷òî âçðûâ íàçåìíûé è          r = 0,068 q0,4 = 0,225 êì):

                 111 q                                            111*20êò

U =                exp [-K(R- r)]  =                exp[-0.4*(2-0,225)] =        

                   R2                                                  (2êì)2

      = 272,904 êÄæ/ì2

Âûâîä:  íà  äàííîì îáúåêòå íàðîäíîãî õîçÿéñòâà â ñëåäñòâèå ñâåòîâîãî èìïóëüñà ìîãóò âîçíèêíóòü îòäåëüíûå ïîæàðû, ó ëþäåé - îæîãè âòîðîé ñòåïåíè.

Ðàçäåë III

Ïðîíèêàþùàÿ ðàäèàöèÿ

    Ðàñ÷èòàåì êîëëè÷åñòâåííûå ïàðàìåòðû ïðîíèêàþùåé ðàäèàöèè:

          - ïîòîê íåéòðîíîâ:

                   

                                               7,5*1022                                       

Ôí =               q exp (-R/190 )  =

                                                   R2     

                                        

                     7,5*1022

=               *20êò * exp(-2*103ì/190) =   1013 í/ì2

                    (2*10 3ì)2

    

          - ìîùíîñòü ïîãëàù¸ííîé äîçû ãàììà-èçëó÷åíèÿ:

                                                  1013                                               

Pg =            q exp (-R/200 ) =        

                                                   R2                                              

                    1013

=               *20 êò *exp(-2*103ì/200) =  2269,996  Ð/ñ

              (2*103ì)2

         - ïîãëàù¸ííàÿ äîçà ãàììà-èçëó÷åíèÿ:

Dg = Dç + Dîñê

                                                5*108                                             

Dç =            q exp (-R/410 )  =

                                                   R2                                               

                    5*108

=              *20 êò *exp(-2*103ì/410) = 19,03 Ð

                       (2*103ì)2

                                        1,4*109 q(1+0,2q0,65)

Dîñê =                             exp (-R/300 )  =

                                                      R2                                                

           1,4*109 * 20êò*(1+0,2*(20êò)0,65)

 =                                           exp (- 2*103ì/300 )  = 21,4 Ð

                               (2*103ì)2                                                

Dg = 19,03 Ð + 21,4 Ð = 40,43 Ð

Âûâîä: Ïðè äàííîé  äîçå îáëó÷åíèÿ  ó ëþäåé âîçìîæíû èçìåíåíèÿ â ñîñòàâå êðîâè, íî íå âîçíèêàåò ïîòåðè ðàáîòîñïîñîáíîñòè è ëó÷åâîé áîëåçíè.  ðàäèîýëåêòðîííûõ óñòðîéñòâàõ âîçìîæíû îáðàòèìûå èçìåíåíèÿ.

Ðàçäåë IV

Ýëåêòðîìàãíèòíûé èìïóëüñ

    Ðàñ÷èòàåì âåðòèêàëüíóþ ñîñòàâëÿþùóþ ýëåêòðè÷åñêîãî ïîëÿ ýëåêòðîìàãíèòíîãî èìïóëüñà (ÝÌÈ):

                                                 5*109 *(1+2R)

E =                              lg 14,5 q 

                                                           R2                                                

 

      Â ðàéîíå îáúåêòà íàðîäíîãî õîçÿéñòâà èìååì:

                        5*109 *(1+2*2êì)

E =                              lg 14,5 *20 êò = 7694,994 Â/ì 

                                (2êì)2                                                

 

           Â çîíå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ èìååì:

                         5*109 *(1+2*25êì)

E =                              lg 14,5 *20 êò = 40,186 Â/ì 

                                  (25êì)2                                                

Âûâîä:  âåðòèêàëüíàÿ ñîñòàâëÿþùàÿ ýëåêòðè÷åñêîãî ïîëÿ           ÝÌÈ áûñòðî óìåíüøàåòñÿ ñ óäàëåíèåì îò ýïèöåíòðà âçðûâà. Òàê,  â íàøåì ñëó÷àå ïðè ïðîõîæäåíèè 23 êèëîìåòðîâ ÝÌÈ îñëàá ïî÷òè â 200 ðàç.

Ðàçäåë V

Ðàäèîàêòèâíîå çàðàæåíèå

     Ðàñ÷èòàåì óðîâåíü ðàäèàöèè íà îäèí ÷àñ ïîñëå âçðûâà:

                                                       10 q

P0 =                                tg4 (45-2b)   

                                            (R/22)1,5*expÖ R/V                                                

 

             

      Â ðàéîíå îáúåêòà íàðîäíîãî õîçÿéñòâà èìååì:

                                   10 * 20êò

P0 =                                          tg4 (45-2*5) = 1436,042 Ð/÷

                  (2êì/22)1,5*expÖ 2êì/(50êì/÷)                                                

 

      Â çîíå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ èìååì:

                                    10 * 20êò

P0 =                                          tg4 (45-2*5) = 19,569 Ð/÷

                  (25êì/22)1,5*expÖ 25êì/(50êì/÷)                                                

 

Âûâîä: Îáúåêò íàðîäíîãî õîçÿéñòâà íàõîäèòñÿ â çîíå ÷ðåçâû÷àéíî îïàñíîãî çàðàæåíèÿ (çîíà Ã).  ýòîì ðàéîíå âñå ðàáîòû äîëæíû áûòü ïðåêðàùåíû íà ÷åòâåðî è áîëåå ñóòîê, à ñëóæàùèå äîëæíû óêðûòüñÿ â óáåæèùàõ. Çîíà ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ çîíîé óìåðåííîãî çàðàæåíèÿ (çîíà À).  ýòîì ðàéîíå ðàáîòû íà ïðåäïðèÿòèÿõ ìîæíî íå ïðåêðàùàòü, à  íà îòêðûòîé ìåñòíîñòè ðàáîòû ñëåäóåò ïðåêðàòèòü íà íåñêîëüêî ÷àñîâ.

 Èòîãîâàÿ òàáëèöà ïî òåìå 1.4,   Âàðèàíò 29

 

Ðàäèîàêòèâíîå

çàðàæåíèå ìåñòíîñòè

Ýëåêòðî-ìàãíèòíîå èçëó÷åíèå

Óäàðíàÿ

âîëíà

Ñâåòîâîå

èçëó-÷åíèå

Ïðîíèêàþùàÿ

ðàäèàöèÿ

P0, Ð/÷

E, Â/ì

DPô, êÏà

U, êÄæ/ì2

ìîùí.

Äîçû

Pg,  Ð/ñ

ïîãë. äîçà

Dg, Ð

Ïîòîê íåéòðîíîâ

Ôí,í/ì2

ÎÍÕ

Ðàéîí ðàññîäðåòîòî÷.

Îáúåêò íàðîäíîãî õîçÿéñòâà

Çîíû  ðàçìåùåíèÿ

1436,042

Ã

19,569

À

40,186

7694,994

17,781

ñëàáîå

272,904

2269,996

40,426

1013


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