Пример: Автоматизированное рабочее место
Я ищу:
На главную  |  Добавить в избранное  

Главная/

Иностранные языки /

Economic sanctions in MP /english/

Документ 1 | Документ 2

←предыдущая следующая→
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 

Furthermore(in addition to) and the modern science ещ ё has not reached complete replacement all

Х kinds of raw material artificial or substitutes. As far as it is known, ещ ё the replacements for example such colour metals, as tin and никель have not found to themselves.

 Taking into account these circumstances, эвентуальные агрессоры go not only on a line of expansion of internal production of scarce kinds of raw material and experimental постановкбщений. Opposite(on the contrary), such countries, as Italy, Japan and Germany, in view of availability in these countries of the powerful productive device for want of of poverty by natural raw resources would be essentially constrained in the actions by application of embargo on main kinds of raw material.

 For want of application of embargo on raw products it is necessary to take into account, first, generality(universality) of a used measure and, secondly, availability in country of stocks of raw material. The members a UN, as явствует from the analysis of the mentioned above data, supervise from major kinds of raw material only tin, никель and rubber. But already without USA and Egypt it is impossible with complete efficiency to apply economic sanctions on a clap(cotton); without USA it is impossible to use sanctions on petroleum, медь and sulfur; without Germany and partly USA (though here production угля in main is consumed inside country) it is impossible to apply embargo on a corner; without USA and Germany it is impossible to apply embargo on iron, steel, zinc and lead; without USA and Italy it is impossible to apply embargo on mercury.

 Thus, the main role of USA and significant role of Germany in the market of the major raw goods is серь ё зным an obstacle for effective application of economic sanctions a UN.

 The question on stocks of raw material has essential significance: if for example on petroleum it is difficult because of necessity to have extremely объ ё мные of storehouse to create stocks more, than on some months, already on ores iron and manganous, on colour metals etc. it is possible to prepare stocks on some years. It weakens significance of economic sanctions, which in this case can only complicate long and " large war " for country - агрессора, but cannot prevent military actions агрессора in the first time.

 Summarizing all told, the rather effective means in a case is possible to come to a conclusion, that economic sanctions in the form of prohibition of import from country - агрессора -:

1). If the structure of import of the given country is those, that the significant share(!long) it(him) is taken by(with) raw products, which importation almost can not be сокращ ё н;

2). If the structure of the payment ё жного of balance of this country is those, that she(it) does not possess instead of dropping out export of the significant payment ё жными means under the invisible articles;

3). If this country does not possess significant stocks of gold and precious metals and does not extract at itself;

4). If she(it) does not possess abroad easily sold investments;

5). If in import of this country the significant sharing(participation) is accepted by(with) countries which are applying sanctions.

 Привед ё нный the analysis is higher proceeds from that rule(situation), that all members a UN participate in the sanctions.

2.3. Additional kinds of economic sanctions

 The sanctions are compulsory measures used to the state - infringer. They can be applied by international organizations (universal and regional), group of the states or separate of государствами1.

 The sanctions for an encroachment on the international world and safety are stipulated in an item 39, 41 and 42 Charters a UN.

 The sanctions as the form of compulsion are applied only in case of fulfilment of a heavy international crime. It is impossible to consider(count) application of the sanctions in other cases lawful, for, in essence, the sanctions are reaction to deliberate fulfilment of illegal actions or deliberate causing вреда. For the second world(global) war to the states - агрессорам were applied the political and economic form of the sanctions. So, after unconditional капитуляции гитлеровской of Germany according to the Declaration from June 5, 1945 allied державы have undertaken functions of a supreme authority, have carried out its(her) disarmament and демилитаризацию, liquidated and have forbidden нацистские of organization. In Germany was established(installed) оккупационный a mode.

 The economic sanctions are applied in case of infringement by the state of the international obligations connected to causing of a material loss or for the sertificates(acts) of aggression. She(it) can be expressed in the form of an export embargo, embargo on import, complete embargo, and also reparations, restitutions, репрессалий and субституций.

 The reparations - represent reimbursement of a material loss in money terms, goods, services. Volume and kind of reparations, as a rule, are applied on the basis of the international agreements. The sum of reparations. Usually, is significant less than volume of damage caused by war. For example. Under the decision of a Crimean conference of a 1945 of a reparation from Germany have made only 20 млрд. Dollars. The agreement on the termination(discontinuance) of war and restoration of the world in Vietnam from January 27, 1973 obliged USA only to introduce " the contribution in завлечение of wounds of war and послевоенное construction of Democratic Republic Vietnam and all Indochina " 1.

 Restitution - this return in a nature of property wrongfully withdrawed and exported by the struggling state from territory of the opponent. For example, according to the Peace agreement between allied державами and Italy from February 10, 1947 Italy has undertaken to return " in possible the shortest term the property exported from territory any Incorporated Nations " 2.

 Object of a restitution can be also returning of the wrongfully seized or wrongfully delayed property in peace time, that is outside of communication(connection) with military actions.

 A version of a restitution is субституция. She(it) represents replacement of the wrongfully destroyed or damaged property, buildings, art values, personal property etc.

 Репрессалии (unaided) are lawful compulsory actions of one state against other state. Репрессалии are applied by one state in reply to wrongful actions of other state with the purpose of restoration of the infringed right. They should be proportionate to the caused damage and that compulsion. Which is necessary for reception of satisfaction.

 Репрессалии can be expressed in a complete or partial break of the economic attitudes(relations), railway, marine, air, mail, telegraphic, radio or other messages, and also in break of the diplomatic, trade and economic attitudes(relations), embargo on importation of the goods and raw material from territory of the state - infringer etc.

 Репрессалии should be terminated on receipt of satisfaction. The modern international law forbids armed репрессалии as a means of the resolution of disputes and разногласий1.

 In the international law to reimbursement is subject the valid material loss (direct and indirect). The missed profit is not usually reimbursed.

 It is exclusively(extreme) on the basis of the agreements there is such version of the economic responsibility, as absolute. Or objective, responsibility. The speech in this case goes about the responsibility arising without dependence from fault причинителя of damage, that is for damage caused during lawful

←предыдущая следующая→
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 


Copyright © 2005—2007 «Refoman.Ru»